ory about the discovered model, and
some investigators now consider the sightings to be a hoax. In addition, a
six-figure television miniseries and book deal were nearly struck with Walters.
* Contactees such as George Adamski, who claimed
he went on flights in UFOs. (Even some believers contend he had real http://louis9j9sheehan.blogspot.com/
experiences and later fictionalized
others, leaving the subject murky.)
* Bob White (UFO hunter) claims to have an
alleged UFO artifact.
* Billy Meier, some of whose photographs have
been discredited.
* The Maury Island Incident
* The Ummo affair, a decades-long series of
detailed letters and documents allegedly from extraterrestrials. The total
length of the documents is at least 1000 pages, and some estimate that further
undiscovered documents may total nearly 4000 pages. A Jose Luis Jordan Pena
came forward in the early nineties claiming responsibility for the phenomenon,
and most consider there to be little reason to challenge his claims.
* The Sci-fi channel ran an advertising promo of
a UFO near the World Trade Center being seen by a group of tourists in a
helicopter. Created prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks, the commercial
used realistic special effects to simulate the encounter. The video has
subsequently been aired on East Asian television and posted to video-sharing
sites like YouTube as genuine footage.[76]
* A video was posted as genuine footage to
Youtube.com by a "barzolff814". It depicts two large UFOs flying over
an observer on a tropical island, said to be Haiti in the title "Haiti
Ufo". The video was quickly debunked by rense.com, AboveTopSecret.com and
other sites. The video was done entirely with CGI 3D Animation programs by
French animator David Nicolas, also known as "Numero 6." It managed
to fool many people; many still thoroughly believe that the video is real. http://louis1j1sheehan.blog.ca/
The hoax was discerned by the
identical palm trees in the video, which were the same as in a promo video for
a 3D program called Vue Infinite.
Several physicists, some working for
the US Military, others said to be associated with the US Intelligence
Community are seriously interested in UFOs as alien extraterrestrial flying
machines. Dr. Jack Sarfatti, in his book "Super Cosmos" (2005), has
the most detailed "theory" based on the recent discovery of the
repulsive anti-gravity field "dark energy" that is accelerating the
expansion of the 3D space of our universe. Sarfatti also cites Alcubierre's
weightless warp drive without time dilation as essential conditions for
"propellantless propulsion" in what Puthoff has called "metric
engineering." However, in his book "The Physics of Star Trek,"
Lawrence M. Krauss reveals that it would be physically impossible to
concentrate enough energy in one place to "warp" the fabric of space.
Sarfatti's key idea is that the ship is able to control its own zero-g force
geodesic flight path using small amounts of energy, despite the evident lack of
external propulsion visible in most UFO sightings.
The study of UFO claims over the years
has led to valuable discoveries about atmospheric phenomena and psychology. In
psychology, the study of UFO sightings has revealed information on
misinterpretation, perceptual illusions, hallucination and fantasy-prone personality.
Many have questioned the reliability
of hypnosis in UFO abduction cases.
Famous psychologist Carl Gustav Jung
compared the UFO's "saucer" shape with mandala symbolism and
speculated with the idea of UFO sightings being linked to his theory of Archetypes
of the Collective Unconscious, suggesting UFOs are projection carriers of the
archetype of "psychic wholeness" (also known in Jungian terms as The
Self). http://louis1j1sheehan.blog.ca/
Such projections endow the carrier with numinous and mythical powers
giving it a highly suggestive effect and rapidly turning it into a saviour
myth.
Some researchers recommend that
observations be classified according to the features of the phenomenon or
object that are reported or recorded. Typical categories include:
* Saucer, toy-top, or disk-shaped
"craft" without visible or audible propulsion. (day and night)
* Large triangular "craft" or
triangular light pattern
* Cigar-shaped "craft" with lighted
windows (Meteor fireballs are sometimes reported this way, but are very
different phenomena).
* Other: chevrons, equilateral triangles,
spheres (usually reported to be shining, glowing at night), domes, diamonds,
shapeless black masses, eggs, and cylinders.
Dr. J. Allen Hynek developed another
commonly used system of description, dividing sightings into six categories. It
first separates sightings based on proximity, arbitrarily using 500 feet as the
cutoff point. It then subdivides these into divisions based on viewing
conditions or special features. The three distant sighting categories are:
* Nocturnal Lights (NL): Anomalous lights seen
in the night sky.
* Daylight Discs (DD): Any anomalous object,
generally but not necessarily "discoidal", seen in the distant
daytime sky.
* Radar/Visual cases (RV). Objects seen
simultaneously by eye and on radar.
The distant classification is useful
in terms of evidentiary value, with RV cases usually considered to be the
highest because of radar corroboration and NL cases the lowest because of the
ease in which lights seen at night are often confused with prosaic phenomena
such as meteors, bright stars, or airplanes. RV reports are also fewest in
number, while NL are largest.
In addition were three "close
encounter" (CE) subcategories, again thought to be higher in evidentiary
value, because it includes measurable physical effects and the objects seen up
close are less likely to be the result of misperception. As in RV cases, these
tend to be relatively rare:
* CE1: Strange objects seen nearby but without
physical interaction with the environment.
* CE2: A CE1 case but creating physical evidence
or causing electromagnetic interference (see below).
* CE3: CE1 or CE2 cases where
"occupants" or entities are seen. (Hence the title of Steven
Spielberg's movie, Close Encounters of the Third Kind)
Hynek's CE classification system has
since been expanded to include such things as alleged alien abductions (CE4s)
and cattle mutilation phenomena.
Jacques Vallee has devised a UFO
classification system which is preferred by many UFO investigators over Hynek's
system as it is considerably more descriptive than Hynek's, especially in terms
of the reported behavior of UFOs.
Type I (a, b, c, d): Observation of an
unusual object, spherical discoidal, or of another geometry, on or situated
close to the ground (tree height, or lower), which may be associated with
traces - thermal, luminous, or mechanical effects.
1. On or near ground.
2. Near or over body of water.
3. Occupants appear to display interest in witnesses
by gestures or luminous signals.
4. Object appears to be "scouting" a
terrestrial vehicle.
Type II (a, b, c): Observation of an
unusual object with vertical cylindrical formation in the sky, associated with
a diffuse cloud. This phenomenon has been given various names such as
"cloud-cigar" or "cloud-sphere."
1. Moving erratically through the sky.
2. Object is stationary and gives rise to secondary
objects (sometimes referred to as "satellite objects").
3. Object is surrounded by secondary objects.
Type III (a, b, c, d, e): Observation
of an unusual object of spherical, discoidal or elliptical shape, stationary in
the sky.
1. Hovering between two periods of motion with
"falling-leaf" descent, up and down, or pendulum motion.
2. Interruption of continuous flight to hover and then
continue motion.
3. Alters appearance while hovering - e.g., change of
luminosity, generation of secondary object, etc.
4. "Dogfights" or swarming among several
objects.
5. Trajectory abruptly altered during continuous
flight to fly slowly above a certain area, circle, or suddenly change course.
Type IV (a, b, c, d): Observation of
an unusual object in continuous flight.
1. Continuous flight.
2. Trajectory affected by nearby conventional
aircraft.
3. Formation flight.
4. Wavy or zig-zag trajectory.
Type V (a, b, c): Observation of an
unusual object of indistinct appearance, i.e., appearing to be not fully
material or solid in structure.
1. Extended apparent diameter, non-point source
luminous objects ("fuzzy").
2. Starlike objects (point source), motionless for
extended periods.
3. Starlike objects rapidly crossing the sky, possibly
with peculiar trajectories.
Source: 1. Jacques and Janine Vallee:
Challenge To Science: The UFO Enigma, LC# 66-25843
UFOs are sometimes an element of
elaborate conspiracy theories in which the government is said to be
intentionally covering up the existence of aliens, or sometimes collaborating
with them. There are many versions of this story; some are exclusive, while
others overlap with various other conspiracy theories.
In the U.S., opinion polls again
indicate that a strong majority of people believe the U.S. government is
withholding such information. Various notables have also expressed such views.
Some examples are astronauts Gordon Cooper and Edgar Mitchell, Senator Barry
Goldwater, Vice Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter (the first CIA director), Lord
Hill-Norton (former British Chief of Defense Staff and NATO head), the 1999
high-level French COMETA report by various French generals and aerospace
experts, and Yves Sillard (former director of the French space agency CNES, new
director of French UFO research organization GEIPAN).
There is also speculation that UFO
phenomena are tests of experimental aircraft or advanced weapons. In this case
UFOs are viewed as failures to retain secrecy, or deliberate attempts at
misinformation: to deride the phenomenon so that it can be pursued unhindered.
This explanation may or may not feed back into the previous one, where current
advanced military technology is considered to be adapted alien technology. (See
also: skunk works and Area 51)
It has also been suggested by a few
fringe authors that all or most human technology and culture is based on
extraterrestrial contact. See also ancient astronauts.
Some also contend regarding physical
evidence that it exists abundantly but is swiftly and sometimes clumsily
suppressed by governments, aiming to insulate a population they regard as
unprepared for the social, theological, and security implications of such
evidence. See the Brookings Report.
There have been allegations of
suppression of UFO related evidence for many decades. There are also conspiracy
theories which claim that physical evidence might have been removed and/or
destroyed/suppressed by some governments. (See also Men in Black) Some examples
are:
* On July 7, 1947, William Rhodes took photos of
an unusual object over Phoenix, Arizona.[81] The photos appeared in a Phoenix
newspaper and a few other papers. According to documents from Project Bluebook,
an Army counter-intelligence (CIC) agent and an FBI agent interviewed Rhodes on
August 29 and convinced him to surrender the negatives. The CIC agent deliberately
concealed his true identity, leaving Rhodes to believe both men were from the
FBI. Rhodes said he wanted the negatives back, but when he turned them into the
FBI the next day, he was informed he wouldn't be getting them back, though
Rhodes later tried unsuccessfully.The photos were extensively analyzed and
would eventually show up in some classified Air Force UFO intelligence reports.
(Randle, 34-45, full account)
* A June 27, 1950, movie of a "flying
disk" over Louisville, Kentucky, taken by a Louisville Courier-Journal
photographer, had the USAF Directors of counterintelligence (AFOSI) and
intelligence discussing in memos how to best obtain the movie and interview the
photographer without revealing Air Force interest. One memo suggested the FBI be
used, then precluded the FBI getting involved. Another memo said "it would
be nice if OSI could arrange to secure a copy of the film in some covert
manner," but if that wasn't feasible, one of the Air Force scientists
might have to negotiate directly with the newspaper. In a recent interview, the
photographer confirmed meeting with military intelligence and still having the
film in his possession until then, but refused to say what happened to the film
after that.
* In another 1950 movie incident from Montana,
Nicholas Mariana filmed some unusual aerial objects and eventually turned the
film over to the U.S. Air Force, but insisted that the first part of the film,
clearly showing the objects as spinning discs, had been removed when it was
returned to him. (Clark, 398)
* During the military investigation of green
fireballs in New Mexico, UFOs were photographed by a tracking camera over White
Sands Proving Grounds on April 27, 1949. The final report in 1951 on the green
fireball investigation claimed there was insufficient data to determine
anything. However, documents later uncovered by Dr. Bruce Maccabee indicate
that triangulation was accomplished. The data reduction and photographs showed
four objects about 30 feet in diameter flying in formation at high speed at an
altitude of about 30 miles. Maccabee says this result was apparently suppressed
from the final report.
* Project Blue Book director Edward J. Ruppelt
reported that, in 1952, a U.S. Air Force pilot fired his jet's machine guns at
a UFO, and that the official report which should have been sent to Blue Book
was quashed. 1952 newspaper articles of USAF jets being ordered to shoot down
saucers.
* Astronaut Gordon Cooper reported suppression
of a flying saucer movie filmed in high clarity by two Edwards AFB range
photographers on May 3, 1957. Cooper said he viewed developed negatives of the
object, clearly showing a dish-like object with a dome on top and something
like holes or ports in the dome. The photographers and another witness, when
later interviewed by Dr. James McDonald, confirmed the story. Cooper said
military authorities then picked up the film and neither he nor the
photographers ever heard what happened to it. The incident was also reported in
a few newspapers, such as the Los Angeles Times. The official explanation,
however, was that the photographers had filmed a weather balloon distorted by
hot desert air. McDonald, 1968 Congressional testimony, Case 41 http://louis-j-sheehan-esquire.us/page1.aspx
* On January 22, 1958, when NICAP director Donald
Keyhoe appeared on CBS television, his statements on UFOs were pre-censored by
the Air Force. During the show when Keyhoe tried to depart from the censored
script to "reveal something that has never been disclosed before,"
CBS cut the sound, later stating Keyhoe was about to violate
"predetermined security standards" and about to say something he
wasn't "authorized to release." What Keyhoe was about to reveal were
four publicly unknown military studies concluding UFOs were interplanetary
(including the 1948 Project Sign Estimate of the Situation and Blue Book's 1952
engineering analysis of UFO motion). (Good, 286-287; Dolan 293-295)
* Astronomer Jacques Vallee reported that in
1961 he witnessed the destruction of the tracking tapes of unknown objects orbiting
the Earth. (However, Vallee indicated that this didn't happen because of
government pressure but because the senior astronomers involved didn't want to
deal with the implications.)
* In 1965, Rex Heflin took four Polaroid photos
of a hat-shaped object. Two years later (1967), two men posing as NORAD agents
confiscated three prints. Just as mysteriously, the photos were returned to his
mailbox in 1993. detailed article and photos
* A March 1, 1967 memo directed to all USAF
divisions, from USAF Lt. General Hewitt Wheless, Assistant Vice Chief of Staff,
stated that unverified information indicated that unknown individuals,
impersonating USAF officers and other military personnel, had been harassing
civilian UFO witnesses, warning them not to talk, and also confiscating film,
referring specifically to the Heflin incident. AFOSI was to be notified if any
personnel were to become aware of any other incidents. (Document in Fawcett
& Greenwood, 236). http://louis-j-sheehan-esquire.us/page1.aspx
* In 1996, the CIA revealed an
instance from 1964 where two CIA agents posed as USAF representatives in order
to recover a film canister from a Corona spy satellite that had accidentally
come down in Venezuela. The event was then publicly dismissed as an
unsuccessful NASA space experiment.
UFOs constitute a widespread
international cultural phenomenon of the last half-century.Gallup polls rank
UFOs near the top of lists for subjects of widespread recognition. In 1973, a
survey found that 95 percent of the public reported having heard of UFOs, whereas
only 92 percent had heard of US President Gerald Ford in a 1977 poll taken just
nine months after he left the White House. (Bullard, 141) A 1996 Gallup poll
reported that 71 percent of the United States population believed that the
government was covering up information regarding UFOs. A 2002 Roper poll for
the Sci Fi channel found similar results, but with more people believing UFOs
were extraterrestrial craft. In that latest poll, 56 percent thought UFOs were
real craft and 48 percent that aliens had visited the Earth. Again, about 70
percent felt the government was not sharing everything it knew about UFOs or
extraterrestrial life.
Documentary channels, such as the
Discovery Channel and the History Channel, air UFO and alien related material
from time to time.(e.g., UFO Files)
In a 2006 survey, 24.6% of Americans
agreed (or strongly agreed) that some UFOs are probably spaceships from other
worlds.[89]
Several mechanisms have been suggested
for the Moon's formation. The formation of the Moon is believed to have
occurred 4.527 ± 0.010 billion years ago, about 30–50 million years after the
origin of the solar system.
* Fission Theory - Early speculation proposed
that the Moon broke off from the Earth's crust because of centrifugal forces,
leaving a basin (presumed to be the Pacific Ocean) behind as a scar.This
fission concept, however, requires too great an initial spin of the Earth.
Furthermore, it would have resulted in an orbit following Earth's equatorial
plane, which is not the case.
* Capture Theory - Others speculated that the
Moon formed elsewhere and was captured into Earth's orbit. However, the
conditions required for this capture mechanism to work (such as an extended
atmosphere of the Earth for dissipating energy) are improbable.
* CoFormation Theory - The coformation
hypothesis posits that the Earth and the Moon formed together at the same time
and place from the primordial accretion disk. In this hypothesis, the Moon
formed from material surrounding the proto-Earth, similar to the formation of
the planets around the Sun. Some suggest that this hypothesis fails adequately
to explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon.
A major deficiency with all of these
hypotheses is that they cannot easily account for the high angular momentum of
the Earth–Moon system.
* Giant Impact Theory - Today, the giant impact
hypothesis for forming the Earth–Moon system is widely accepted by the
scientific community. In this hypothesis, the impact of a Mars-sized body
(Theia) on the proto-Earth is postulated to have put enough material into
circumterrestrial orbit to form the Moon. Given that planetary bodies are
believed to have formed by the hierarchical accretion of smaller bodies to
larger ones, giant impact events such as this are thought to have affected most
planets. Computer simulations modelling this impact are consistent with
measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, as well as the
small size of the lunar core. Unresolved questions regarding this theory have
to do with determining the relative sizes of the proto-Earth and impactor, and
with determining how much material from the proto-Earth and impactor ended up
in the Moon.
Silicon Valley is the southern part of
the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The
term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip
innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech
businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the high-tech
sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout
the United States, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading high-tech hub
because of its large number of engineers and venture capitalists. Geographically,
Silicon Valley encompasses the northern part of Santa Clara Valley and adjacent
communities.
The term Silicon Valley was coined by
Ralph Vaerst, a Northern California entrepreneur. His journalist friend, Don
Hoefler, first published the term in 1971. He used it as the title of a series
of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper
Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. Valley refers to
the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while
Silicon refers to the high concentration of semiconductor and computer-related
industries in the area. These and similar technology and electricity firms
slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the
Valley of Heart's Delight.
Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through
the Valley’s past and present is the drive to “play” with novel technology,
which, when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute
management, has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the
Valley today.
Looking west over northern San Jose
(downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley
Looking west over northern San Jose
(downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley
Since the early twentieth century,
Silicon Valley has been home to a vibrant, growing electronics industry. The
industry began through experimentation and innovation in the fields of radio,
television, and military electronics. Stanford University, its affiliates, and
graduates have played a major role in the evolution of this area.
The San Francisco Bay Area had long
been a major site of U.S. Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles
Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly
scheduled programming in San Jose. Later that year, Stanford University
graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio
transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in
Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio
communication system, and signed a contract with the U.S. Navy in 1912.
In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale,
California was commissioned by the United States Government for the use as a
Naval Air Station (NAS). The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between
1933 and 1947, US Navy blimps were based here. A number of technology firms had
set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up
its airship ambitions and moved most of its West Coast operations to San
Diego[citation needed], NACA (the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,
forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research.
Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate
area was soon filled with aerospace firms such as Lockheed.
After World War II, universities were
experiencing enormous demand due to returning students. To address the
financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local
employment opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed the
leasing of Stanford's lands for use as an office park, named the Stanford
Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). http://louis1j1sheehan1esquire.us/
Leases were limited to high technology companies. Its first
tenant was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build
military radar components. However, Terman also found venture capital for
civilian technology start-ups . One of the major success stories was
Hewlett-Packard. Founded in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates William
Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford
Research Park slightly after 1953. In 1954, Stanford created the Honors
Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue
graduate degrees from the University on a part-time basis. The initial
companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the
tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has
become the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed
the home printing market when it released the first ink jet printer in 1984. In
addition, the tenancy of Eastman Kodak and General Electric undoubtedly made
Stanford Industrial Park a center of technology in the mid-1990's.
In 1953, William Shockley left Bell
Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor.
After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while,
Shockley moved to Mountain View, California in 1956, and founded Shockley
Semiconductor Laboratory. http://louis-j-sheehan.org/page1.aspx
Unlike many other researchers who used
germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the
better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the
current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley
diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the
"simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the
silicon transistor. As a result, eight engineers left the company to form
Fairchild Semiconductor. http://louis-j-sheehan.com/page1.aspx
Two of the original employees of
Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found
Intel.
By the early 1970s there were many
semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and
programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful
and housing was still inexpensive. The growth was fueled by the emergence of
the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins
in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3
billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980.
Although semiconductors are still a
major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in
recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley
has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user
interfaces.
Using money from NASA and the U.S. Air
Force, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration
tools in the mid-1960s, while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI
International). When Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center declined in
influence due to personal conflicts and the loss of government funding, Xerox
hired some of Engelbart's best researchers. http://louis-j-sheehan.com/page1.aspx
In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s,
Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in
object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet,
PostScript, and laser printers.
While Xerox marketed equipment using
its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The
diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and
indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was
largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key
personnel.[citation needed] Microsoft's Windows GUI is based on Apple's work,
more or less directly.[citation needed] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need
to route a variety of protocols over Stanford's campus Ethernet.
Silicon Valley is generally considered
to have been the center of the dot-com bubble which started from the mid-1990s
and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in
April of 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented
levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive
commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe
traffic congestion.
Even after the dot-com crash, Silicon
Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and
development centers in the world. A 2006 Wall Street Journal story found that
13 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of
those were in Silicon Valley. [6] San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility
patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.
Thousands of high technology companies
are headquartered either in or near Silicon Valley; among those, the following
are in the Fortune 1000:
* Adobe Systems
* Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
* Agilent Technologies
* Apple Inc.
* Applied Materials
* Business Objects
* Cisco Systems
* eBay
* Electronic Arts (actually in Redwood Shores
north of the Valley)
* Google
* Hewlett-Packard
* Intel
* Intuit
* LSI Logic
* Maxtor
* National Semiconductor
* Network Appliance
* Nvidia
* Oracle Corporation (actually in Redwood Shores
north of the Valley)
* SanDisk
* Solectron
* Symantec
* Sun Microsystems
* Yahoo!
Additional notable companies
headquartered (or with a significant presence) in Silicon Valley include (some
defunct or subsumed):
* 3Com (headquartered in Marlborough,
Massachusetts)
* Actuate Corporation
* Adaptec
* Amdahl
* Aricent
* Asus
* Atari
* Atmel
* BEA Systems
* Cypress Semiconductor
* Computer Literacy Bookstore
* Foundry Networks
* Fujitsu (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)
* Gaia Online
* Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
* Juniper Networks
* Knight-Ridder (acquired by The McClatchy
Company)
* Logitech
* McAfee
* Memorex (acquired by Imation and moved to
Cerritos, California)
* Microsoft (headquartered in Redmond,
Washington)
* Netscape (acquired
by AOL)
* NeXT Computer, Inc. (acquired by Apple)
* Nintendo of America
* Opera Software
* OPPO
* Palm, Inc.
* PalmSource, Inc. (acquired by ACCESS)
* PayPal (now part of eBay)
* Rambus
* Redback Networks
* SAP AG (headquartered in Walldorf, Germany)
* Silicon Graphics
* Silicon Image
* Sony
* SRI International
* Tesla Motors
* Tellme Networks
* TiVo
* VA Software (Slashdot)
* WebEx
* VeriSign
* Veritas Software (acquired by Symantec)
* VMware (acquired by EMC)
* Xilinx
Silicon Valley is also home to the
high-tech superstore retail chain Fry's Electronics.
* Northwestern Polytechnic University (Fremont)
* Carnegie Mellon University (West Coast Campus)
* San José State University
* Santa Clara University
* Stanford University
* International Technological
University(Sunnyvale), this is NOT an accredited school.
* University of California, Santa Cruz (NASA
Ames UARC & UC Extension)
A number of cities are located in
Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):
* Campbell
* Cupertino
* East Palo Alto (San Mateo County)
* Fremont
* Los Altos
* Los Altos Hills
* Los Gatos
* Menlo Park (San Mateo County)
* Milpitas
* Mountain View
* Newark
* Palo Alto
* San Jose
* Santa Clara
* Saratoga
* Sunnyvale
Cities sometimes associated with the
region:
* Redwood City (home to Oracle and
PDI/DreamWorks)
* San Mateo
* Scotts Valley
* Santa Cruz
* List of technology centers around the world
* List of research parks around the world
* List of places with 'Silicon' names
* Pirates of Silicon Valley — Movie about the
early development of Microsoft and Apple.
* Science park
As the first wave of baby boomers hits
retirement age, life overseas beckons. But be warned: Retiring abroad can have
its logistical headaches.
Many of today's graying expatriates
are heading permanently offshore to stretch their nest egg. Jon and Gretchen
Nickel, formerly of Portland, Ore., settled in Panama, where they say they can
live like the rich without needing a big bankroll. Lee Harrison and Julie
Lowrey, from Vermont, moved to Uruguay because the lower living costs allowed
them to retire years early. Other expat retirees are seeking foreign adventure,
cultural experiences and exotic travel, without having to board an airplane.
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