llowed them to retire years early.
Other expat retirees are seeking foreign adventure, cultural experiences and
exotic travel, without having to board an airplane.
But retiring to a foreign land can
present a number of challenges, from opening a local bank account to avoiding
being gouged for services. And while many countries, from Belize to South
Africa, offer inducements to attract foreign retirees, making sure you've got
health insurance can be a big problem.
Moving abroad also means leaving
behind family and friends, though Internet communications can shorten the
distances. There can also be safety and security concerns, depending on where
you end up.
"People go on a vacation and love
the place and say 'I want to live here.' But that's very different than living
there day to day and buying groceries and dealing with your finances,"
says Hugh Bromma, chief executive of Entrust Group, a financial-services firm
that caters to many expat retirees.
Roger and Jennifer Miller retired to
the Caribbean nation of Dominica in 2005, expecting that meeting residency
requirements "would be a cakewalk, and it wasn't," says Mr. Miller,
61, a former analytical chemist in St. Louis. What's more, he says,
"expenses you expect to be cheaper often aren't" because locals
expect Americans have money and charge more for services. He says life in
Dominica "is about two times more expensive than I was led to believe when
we started asking around down here about retiring here."
No agency tracks how many U.S.
retirees live overseas. The federal government requires no forms. To help start
you in the right direction, here are some things you should consider before
making a move:
Banking and Finance
Online banking and brokerage accounts
make managing money easy from anywhere you can find an Internet connection. But
working with local banks can be frustrating.
Mr. Harrison, a former project manager
with power company Exelon Corp., first retired to Ecuador at the age of 49,
before relocating last year to a $160,000 beach house near Punta del Este,
Uruguay, and a 1,000-square-foot apartment in Montevideo, Uruguay's
cosmopolitan capital. In Ecuador, which uses the U.S. dollar as the national
currency, he could deposit dollar-denominated checks at his local bank, though
they generally took three weeks to clear. But Uruguay uses the peso, and local
banks don't accept dollar checks.
So, like many retired expats, Mr.
Harrison operates his finances from the U.S. He maintains a Citibank account in
the U.S. and wires blocks of money to Uruguay three times a year at a cost of
$45 per transaction. Other retirees also rely on local ATMs to tap their cash
in the U.S., though fees for currency conversion and non-network ATM use can
add up quickly.
Most retirees also keep their credit
cards based in the U.S. Mr. Harrison says he buys lots of merchandise online
"and American vendors generally don't let you use a foreign credit
card." Bills also are paid online.
Opening accounts can range from simple
to vexing. Mr. Harrison's bank in Uruguay "just wanted my passport. It was
so easy." For the Millers, the process took weeks. They didn't bring any
documents, and the Dominican bank they chose wanted letters of credit and
references from the couple's U.S. bank.
Banks are trying to make some of these
processes easier. HSBC PLC has revamped its Premier Account to help customers
moving overseas arrange for bank accounts and mortgages in their new country.
The bank also provides documents necessary for obtaining services such as a
mobile phone, which often requires a local credit history. Charles Schwab &
Co. has begun allowing its overseas customers, located in more than 200
countries, to establish standing letters of authorization so they can request
with just an email that money be wired to an account abroad.
Health and Social Security
Social Security won't be much of a
problem. The Social Security Administration will electronically deposit a
monthly Social Security check in many banks around the world, though not all.
Still, many expat retirees, to avoid challenges with local banking, have their
Social Security checks electronically deposited into their U.S. bank, which
they can then access online.
Health care is a bigger concern. Few
U.S. employers offer health-care coverage to expat retirees, and U.S. carriers
typically don't provide individual coverage to Americans living abroad.
Moreover, the federal Medicare program generally doesn't cover costs outside
the U.S. As such, many retirees either pay out of pocket or, once eligible for
Medicare at age 65, return to the U.S. from time to time for care.
The Nickels bought a catastrophic
health-care policy from a European insurer to cover them in case a pricey
medical emergency arises in Panama. The policy costs less than $2,000 a year,
but kicks in only after the first $10,000 in expenses. "I'm gambling at
the moment that my health will hold out to 65," says Mr. Nickel, 62 years
old. "Once I get Medicare in three years, I'll be flying to Houston or
Miami more often for my health care."
There is some good news. Health
insurer Cigna Corp. a year ago rolled out a new insurance plan, covering
health, dental and vision, that allows employers to extend health coverage to
retired workers who move abroad. The plan currently covers about 200 retirees
living abroad, but the insurer expects larger numbers because "we
anticipate the trend to retire overseas will grow," says a Cigna
spokeswoman.
Many retirees also say that basic
health care in many parts of the world is very good and inexpensive. http://louis-j-sheehan.info/
Many doctors are Western trained, and
some local hospitals are affiliated with U.S. institutions. Hospital Punta
Pacifica in Panama City, for instance, has partnered with Baltimore's Johns
Hopkins Medicine International.
In some countries, retirees who become
residents gain access to the national health-care system. Mr. Harrison, who
just gained Uruguayan residency, is considering joining the national health
plan. He says a friend recently joined and pays the equivalent of $65 a month
for coverage that includes hospitalization, doctor visits and prescriptions.
Measuring one country's quality of
health care against another isn't easy, since so many variables exist. However,
the World Health Organization's World Health Report 2006 (available at
www.who.int) contains some statistical indicators to help compare health
systems across various countries.
Still, for most major medical issues,
"you probably want to return to the U.S.," because of superior
medical technology in U.S. hospitals, says Robert Gallo, who founded
Escapeartist.com, a Web site that offers information about overseas living.
Internationalliving.com, to which Mr. Harrison is a contributor, also offers
information on living overseas.
Some expat retirees rent property,
others buy. The Millers bought land in Dominica and are building a
900-square-foot home with a big veranda in southern Dominica overlooking the
Caribbean. The Nickels gutted and remodeled an apartment on the 24th floor of a
Panama City apartment building and built a "very nice kitchen area"
because they like to cook and entertain.
In some situations, there can be legal
issues to owning property abroad. Mr. Gallo, of Escapeartist.com, encourages
people to set up and own their property in the name of a Panamanian or British
Virgin Islands corporation. When you go to sell it, you sell the corporation
and the property just switches hands, easing transfer of title, Mr. Gallo says.
Taxes and Legal Issues
Many countries try to lure foreign
retirees. Belize's nearly decade-old Retired Persons Incentive Act, for
instance, allows retirees over age 45 to import their personal effects duty
free, and to earn retirement income tax free. Countries from Italy to Panama to
South Africa and Thailand offer a "pensioner visa" or
"retirement visa" to Americans who can prove a certain level of
monthly income. The visas can provide a variety of benefits, such as automatic
discounts on certain purchases and the ability to obtain a local passport.
Still, the Internal Revenue Service
taxes Americans on income no matter where it's earned in the world. Tax
regimens vary widely overseas, and you may or may not be subject to local
taxes. Many countries have tax treaties with the U.S. to alleviate double
taxation. A list of countries with such tax treaties is available at IRS.gov; search
"tax treaties A to Z."
Yamato (大和), named after the ancient Japanese Yamato Province, was a
battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was lead ship of her class. She
and her sister Musashi were the largest, heaviest, and most powerful
battleships ever constructed, displacing 72,800 tonnes at full load. The class
carried the largest naval artillery ever fitted to any warship - 460 mm (18.1
in) guns which fired 1.36 tonne shells.
The ship held special significance for
the Empire of Japan as a symbol of the nation's naval power ('Yamato' was
sometimes used to refer to Japan itself), and its sinking by US aircraft in the
final days of the war during the suicide Operation Ten-Go is sometimes
considered symbolic of Japan's defeat itself.
The Yamato class was built after the
Japanese withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty at the Second London
Conference of 1936. The treaty, as extended by the London Naval Treaty of 1930,
forbade signatories to build battleships before 1937.
Design work on the class began in 1934
and after modifications the design for a 68,000 ton vessel was accepted in
March 1937. Yamato was built in intense secrecy at a specially prepared dock to
hide her construction at Kure Naval Dockyards beginning on 4 November 1937. She
was launched on 8 August 1940 and commissioned on 16 December 1941.
Originally, five ships of this class
were planned. The third, Shinano, was converted to an aircraft carrier during
construction after the defeat at the Battle of Midway. The un-named "Hull
Number 111" was scrapped in 1943 when roughly 30% complete, and "Hull
Number 797", proposed in the 1942 5th Supplementary Program, was never
ordered.
Plans for a "Super Yamato"
class, with 20 inch (508 mm) guns, provisionally designated as "Hull
Number 798" and "Hull Number 799", were abandoned in 1942.
The class was designed to be superior
to any ship that the United States was likely to produce. Her 460 mm main guns
were selected over 406 mm (16 in) ones because the width of the Panama Canal
would make it impractical for the U.S. Navy to construct a battleship with the
same caliber guns without severe design restrictions or inadequate defensive
arrangement. To further confuse the intelligence agencies of other countries,
Yamato's main guns were officially named 40.6 cm Special, and civilians were never
notified of the true nature of the guns. This worked so well that as late as
1945, the U.S. believed the Yamato had 16 inch (406 mm) guns and a 40,823 tonne
displacement, comparable to the Iowas. Funding for the Yamato class was also
scattered among various projects so the huge costs would not be immediately
noticeable.
At the Kure Navy Yard, the
construction dock was deepened, the gantry crane capacity was increased to 100
tonnes, and part of the dock was roofed over to prevent observation of the
work. Many low-level designers and even senior officers were not informed of
the true dimensions of the battleship until after the war. When the ship was
launched, there was no commissioning ceremony or fanfare.
Yamato was designed by Keiji Fukuda
and followed the trend of unique and generally excellent indigenous Japanese
warship designs begun in the 1920s by Fukuda's predecessor Yuzuru Hiraga. The
design of Yamato contained a number of unique features, some of which
contributed to the striking appearance of the vessel. To begin with, unlike
most of the designs of the 1920s and 1930s, Yamato's deck was not flush. The
undulating line of the main deck forward saved structural weight without
reducing hull girder strength. Tests of models in a model basin led to the
adoption of a semitransom stern and a bulbous bow, which reduced hull
resistance by 8%.
The nine 460 mm main battery were the
largest ever fielded at sea, a major technological challenge to construct and
operate. Their successful implementation in the Yamato class constitutes a
major achievement on the part of Japanese naval constructors. The exponentially
higher blast effect of the main armament prevented the stowage of boats on deck
or the stationing of unshielded personnel in combat. As a result, all
anti-aircraft positions (even the smallest) were enclosed in blast shields as
designed. Later in their career the anti-aircraft armament of both ships were
considerably augmented by open positions of both light and heavy weapons.
Presumably AA gun crews would evacuate the weather deck prior to the firing of
the main armament. This might help explain Yamato's ineffectiveness at the
Battle off Samar; the ship was under almost continual air attack and may have
been prevented from firing her main armament at the risk of killing or
disabling gunners in open positions. For similar reasons, the superstructure of
the ship was extremely compact, which reduced armored citadel length but also
hampered anti-aircraft arcs of fire.
Boats were stowed in below-deck
hangars and launched via an unusual traveling crane arrangement mounted on both
quarters. The quarter deck aft of Turret 3 was paved with concrete, beneath
which a hangar for the stowage of up to seven spotter aircraft was provided for
via a wide elevator-like opening in the stern. Contrary to some descriptions
the Yamato and Musashi did not have "Pagoda" masts as did previous
Japanese battleships, but modern tower bridge structures to house command and
fire control facilities. The mainmast, funnel and tower bridge were all unique
in design and appearance, differing markedly both from other Japanese
battleships and from capital ships of other navies. There is a general
"familial" resemblance however between the architecture of the
Yamatos and the Hiraga/Fujimoto designed series of cruisers of the 1920s and
30s, particularly the Takao and Mogami classes.
The immense beam of these ships made
them perhaps the most stable of all battleships. Both ships were reported to be
very stable even in heavy seas. However, the increased width of the hull also
meant that any loss of stability required a correspondingly greater
righting-arm to correct in the event of significant flooding. The ship had one
single large rudder (at frame 231), which gave it a small (for a ship of that
size) turning circle of 640 m. By comparison the U.S. Iowa-class fast
battleship had one of over 800 m. There was also a smaller auxiliary rudder
installed (at frame 219) which turned out to be virtually useless.
The steam turbine power plant was a
relatively low powered design (25 kgf/cm² (2.5 MPa), 325 °C), and as such, their fuel usage rate was very
high. This is a primary reason why they were not used during the Solomon
Islands campaign and other mid-war operations. In addition, installed
horsepower was only 147,948 (110,324kW), limiting her ability to operate with
carriers.
Arc welding, a relatively new
procedure at that time, was used extensively. The lower side-belt armor was
used as a strength member of the hull structure. This was done to save weight,
an important concern for the designers, despite the lack of treaty limitations.
There were a total of 1,147 watertight compartments in the ship (1,065 of these
beneath the armored deck).
Combat
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 24 October
1944. Yamato is hit by a bomb near her forward 460 mm gun turret, during
attacks by U.S. carrier planes as she transited the Sibuyan Sea. This hit did
not produce serious damage.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 24 October
1944. Yamato is hit by a bomb near her forward 460 mm gun turret, during
attacks by U.S. carrier planes as she transited the Sibuyan Sea. This hit did
not produce serious damage.
Yamato was the flagship of Admiral
Isoroku Yamamoto from 12 February 1942, replacing Nagato. She sailed with Nagato,
Mutsu, Hosho, Sendai, nine destroyers, and four auxiliary ships as Yamamoto's
Main Body during the attempted invasion of Midway Atoll in June 1942, but took
no active part in the Battle of Midway. She remained the flagship for 364 days
until February 11, 1943, when the flag was transferred to her sister ship
Musashi. From 29 August 1942 to 8 May 1943, she spent all of her time at Truk,
being underway for only one day during this entire time. In May 1943, she
returned to Kure, where the two wing 155 mm turrets were removed and replaced
by 25 mm machine guns, and Type-22 surface search radars were added. She
returned to Truk on 25 December 1943. On the way there, she was damaged by a
torpedo from the submarine USS Skate, and was not fully repaired until April
1944. During these repairs, additional 127 mm anti-aircraft guns were installed
in the place of the 155 mm turrets removed in May, and additional 25 mm
anti-aircraft guns were added.
She joined the fleet in the Battle of
the Philippine Sea in June 1944. In October, she participated in the Battle of
Leyte Gulf, during which she first fired her main guns at enemy aircraft and
surface ships. During the initial air attack, she received two bomb hits from
aircraft which did little damage. However, her sister, Musashi, bore the brunt
of the US carrier aircraft attacks and was sunk. Yamato compatriots later sank
an escort carrier and some escort vessels at Samar, but Yamato herself was
largely absent from the climax of this engagement due to her having turned away
from American torpedoes launched from USS Heermann (DD-532). She returned home
in November and her anti-aircraft capability was again upgraded over the
winter. She was attacked in the Inland Sea on 19 March 1945 by carrier aircraft
from Task Force 58 as they attacked Kure, but suffered little damage.
On 6 April 1945, Yamato was sent on a
suicidal mission (operation Ten-Go) against more than 1000 US ships off
Okinawa. US carrier-based aircraft sank her before she was close to her target.
Operation Ten-Go
Her final mission was as part of
Operation Ten-Go following the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945. It was a
suicide mission (commanded by Admiral Seiichi Ito) to attack the U.S. fleet
supporting the U.S. troops landing on the west of the island; her mission was
to beach herself on the coast, in effect becoming an unsinkable gun battery. In
addition, the Yamato's crew was to join the defending Japanese forces on
Okinawa after the beaching. On 6 April Yamato and her escorts, the light
cruiser Yahagi and eight destroyers, left port at Tokuyama. They were detected
by US submarines on the night of 6 April as they exited the Inland Sea
southbound.
Yamato had no air cover for her final
mission, nor did she have many escorts. All of the officers and crew assumed it
would be her last voyage. On her final evening, as it was expected U.S. carrier
planes would attack the next morning, the officers allowed or even ordered the
crew to indulge in sake.
At about 0830 hours on 7 April 1945,
United States fighter planes were launched to pinpoint the Japanese task force.
By 1000 hours, Yamato's radar picked up the U.S. planes and a state of battle
readiness was commanded. Within seven minutes all doors, hatches and
ventilators were closed, and battle stations were fully manned.
Yamato fired beehive shells (三式燃散弾, san-shiki shosan dan ) from her main guns
against the US planes. Each of these anti-aircraft shells contained thousands
of pellets that would be scattered upon explosion - analogous to a massive
shotgun round. However, the beehive shells were ineffective against the
incoming US planes, and performed little more than pyrotechnic displays.
Strafing attacks by the US warplanes would decimate many of the AA gun crews,
reducing the battleship's ability to fend off the attacking US aircraft.
Planes from the carrier Hornet joined
the strike force from Bennington. Bennington's VB-82, led by Lieutenant
Commander Hugh Wood, was flying at 6,000 m (20,000 ft) altitude in heavy clouds
on the bearing to intercept the ships. Although the radar indicated they were
very close, the pilots were startled when they realized they were directly
above the Japanese task force and within range of anti-aircraft fire.
Lieutenant Commander Wood immediately pushed his Helldiver into the clouds and
made a sharp left turn, commencing their attack. Wood's wingman was unable to
stay with the formation, leaving Lieutenant (jg) Francis R. Ferry and
Lieutenant (jg) Edward A. Sieber to follow Wood into the first strike on the
Yamato.
The dives began at 20,000 ft directly
over the Yamato, bearing from stern to bow. Bombs were released at an altitude
of less than about 500 m (1,500 ft). The dives were made as close to a
90-degree angle as possible to avoid most anti-aircraft guns. Each of the three
planes released eight 127 mm (5 in) rockets; two armor-piercing bombs and
bursts of 20 mm machine gun fire. Lt. (jg) Ferry remembers that "at this
distance a miss was impossible".
The first two bombs dropped by Lt. Commander Wood hit on the
starboard side of the weather deck, knocking out several of the 25 mm machine
guns and the high-angle gun turret and ripping a hole in the flying deck.
Seconds later came the two bombs from Lt. (jg) Ferry, destroying secondary
battery fire control station as they blew through the flying deck, and starting
a fire that was never extinguished. This fire continued to spread and is
believed to have caused the explosion of the main ammunition magazine as the
Yamato capsized some two hours later. Hot on Ferry's tail was Lt. (jg) Sieber,
delivering two bomb hits forward of the island, ripping more holes in the decks
in the vicinity of the number three main gun turret.
The torpedo plane pilots were ordered
to aim for the parts of the Yamato's hull unprotected by her torpedo defense
system: the bow and stern. They were also ordered to attack her on one side
only, so that their target would capsize more easily since counter-flooding
would become more difficult. Within minutes of the Avengers' torpedo attacks,
the Yamato suffered three torpedo hits to her port side and began listing.
Over the next two hours, two more
attacks would be launched, pounding the Yamato with torpedoes and bombs.
Attempts at counter-flooding failed, and shortly after 1400 hours, the commanding
officer gave the word to prepare to abandon ship. As the ship listed beyond a
90° angle and began sinking, a gigantic explosion of the stern ammunition
magazines tore the ship apart. The huge mushroom of fire and smoke exploded
almost four miles into the air and the fire was seen by sentries 125 miles away
in Kagoshima prefecture on Kyushu, the southernmost of Japan's four main
islands. Only 280 of the Yamato 2,778-man crew were rescued from the sinking
ship. The end had come for the Yamato, foreshadowing the coming end of the
Imperial Japanese Military. Ten aircraft and 12 airmen were lost in the attack
on the Yamato.
Naval gunfire took no part in Yamato's
demise. The sinking of the world's largest battleship by aircraft alone
confirmed the lessons learned by the sinking of the Prince of Wales, Repulse,
and Musashi: The battleship had been supplanted by the aircraft carrier as
queen of the sea and the capital ship of any fleet.
The wreckage lies in around 300 meters
of water and was surveyed in 1985 and 1999. These surveys show the hull to be
in two pieces with the break occurring in the area of the second ('B') main
turret.
The senior surviving bridge officer Mitsuru
Yoshida claims that a fire alert for the magazine of the forward superfiring
155 mm guns was observed as the ship sank. This fire appears to have detonated
the shell propellant stored as the ship rolled over, which in turn set off the
magazine in Turret No. 2, resulting in the famous pictures of the actual
explosion and subsequent smoke column photographed by US aircraft.
The bow section landed upright, with
the stern section remaining keel up. The three main turrets fell away as the
ship turned over and landed in the wreckage field around the separated hull
pieces.
A further large hole was found in the
stern section, strongly suggesting that a third magazine explosion occurred,
possibly the aft 155 mm gun magazine.
Further examples of capital ships
being lost due to magazine detonations of this nature during or after battle
are the British battlecruisers HMS Queen Mary, Invincible and Indefatigable at
the battle of Jutland in 1916, Hood at battle of the Denmark Strait in 1941,
and USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor in 1941. A magazine or shell room explosion
occurred aboard HMS Barham in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1941, but she was
already sinking fast - in fact rapidly capsizing - as the explosion occurred.
Commanding officers
Rank Name
Command
Notes
Chief Equipping Officer
Captain / RADM Shutoku Miyazato 5
September 1941 –
1 November 1941 Promoted to
Rear Admiral on 15 October 1941.
Chief Equipping Officer
Captain Gihachi Takayanagi 1 November 1941 –
16 December 1941
Captain / RADM Gihachi Takyanagi 16
December 1941 –
17 December 1942 Promoted to Rear
Admiral on 1 May 1942.
Captain / RADM Chiaki Matsuda 17
December 1942 –
7 September 1943 Promoted to
Rear Admiral on 1 May 1943.
Captain / RADM Takeji Ono 7
September 1943 –
25 January 1944 Promoted to Rear Admiral on 1 November 1943.
Captain / RADM Nobuei Morishita 25
January 1944 –
25 November 1944 Promoted to Rear
Admiral on 15 October 1944.
Captain / VADM* Kosaku
Aruga 25 November 1944
–
7 April 1945 *Posthumous 2-rank promotion
upon special request of CinC Combined Fleet.
Nature changed the rules of the game
of radioactivity 10 billion years ago, probably long before the Earth was
formed. It was then that potassium, an element essential to life, began
disintegrating radioactively, Dr. A.K. Brewer, chemist of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture here, has determined.
Measuring the rate of breakdown of
potassium into a kind of calcium, a component of limestone, then determining
the time that this breakdown has been going on from the amount of this calcium
now existing, Dr. Brewer finds that the process has been going on for about 10
billion years. In reaching this figure, he assumes that all of this special
calcium, which has an atomic weight of 40 instead of 40.08 as does ordinary
calcium, was derived from the breakdown of potassium, and that the breakdown
rate has been uniform since it started. A similar time has elapsed since a
variety of rubidium, a rare earth, started to break down into a kind of
strontium, another rare earth.
Attempts to determine our planet's age
by studying the end products of radioactive breakdown, such as calcium derived
from the decay of potassium, may be as futile as trying to find out how old a
stove is by weighing the ashes. The method will show, Dr. Brewer believes, how
long the disintegration has been going on or, more simply, how long the fire
has been burning.
Dr. Brewer's new studies in no way
affect the ages determined for a number of rocks by radioactive methods. The
amount of uranium, another radioactive element, in rocks is measured and then
compared with the lead that it has added to the rock by uranium's previous
decay. The oldest rocks dated by this method are about 1.5 billion years old.
With Earth age estimated from a number
of sources at not more than 2.5 billion years, some of the breakdown of
potassium must have occurred before Earth was formed. Under present theories,
the breakdown began on the sun, 7 or 8 billion years before that little star
was torn apart to create the solar system.
How matter behaved under the old
rules, in force until 10 billion or so years ago, before the formation of the
solar system, Dr. Brewer will not state. His studies give no clue to older, now
nonexistent states of matter.
Life, in the early days of our planet,
hundreds of millions of years ago, may have been greatly affected by the
radioactivity of potassium, says Dr. Brewer. Potassium is necessary to life,
and if the minute fraction that is radioactive gets into a plant or animal, its
radiations may damage the plant or animal and cause a sudden change of form,
called a mutation.
Recently, by exposing fruit flies to X
rays, similar to radium radiations, Dr. Calvin Bridges, California Institute of
Technology geneticist, was able to produce freak flies in a very few
generations. Millions of years ago, when radioactivity was stronger than at
present, changes in life forms may have been greatly accelerated by radiations
from this type of potassium.
Studies of the ages of rocks, using
radioactive potassium as the clock, indicate to Dr. Brewer that their age
cannot exceed 6 billion years and probably they are very much younger. Disintegration
long ago of other elements, now completely broken down, may make this age
entirely too large. More work on radioactivity, leading to a more exact, and
probably smaller, value for rock age, is suggested by Dr. Brewer.
NEW FEATURES DISCOVERED ON FACE OF THE
MOON
Revision of our maps of the moon may
be necessary as a result of the discovery of a series of craters and walled
plains near the edge of our satellite's visible disk by H. Percy Wilkins,
British astronomer.
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